山口 正寛

type:Article 本研究では親子対相互交流評価システム(Dyadic Parent-Children Interaction Coding System; DPICS)を用いて,母親6名とその子ども(計8組)を対象に親子間相互作用パターンを検討した。その結果,DPICSの3つの場面を通して質問が出現しやすいものの,DPICSの各カテゴリには時間的一貫性が低いものも存在することが示唆された。また,相互作用パターンは場面によって異なっていることや,間接的命令よりも直接的命令の方が肯定的な相互作用を生みやすいことが示唆された。本研究の結果から,DPICSを臨床場面で有効に活用する上での今後の検討課題について考察した。 In this study, we utilized the Dyadic Parent-Children Interaction Coding System (DPICS) to conduct an exploratory analysis of parent-child interaction patterns in play situation. Six mothers and their children (3 boys and 5 girls) were the participants of this study. DPICS was administered to these parent-child dyads to analyze the occurrence rate and temporal stability of DPICS categories, as well as interaction pattern characteristics. Results indicated that questions were frequently observed in all DPICS situations and some of the DPICS categories have low temporal consistency. Additionally, the mother-child interaction patterns varied depending on the context, with direct commands more likely to generate positive interactions than indirect commands. Based on these findings, we underscored the need to examine the relationship between DPICS categories and various psycho-social variables of parents and children to effectively apply DPICS in clinical settings.

type:Article 本研究では、児童自立支援施設における効果的な性教育のあり方について検討することを目的に、全国の児童自立支援施設へのアンケート調査を実施した。その結果、男女ともに性的問題行動や性被害経験のあった児童が多いことが明らかになった。このような状況下、多くの児童自立支援施設で性教育が行われていたものの、性教育体制の不備や脆弱さが認められた。また、全ての児童が性教育の対象になっているわけではないことや性教育の項目によって教えている割合に差異があることが認められた。このことから、児童自立支援施設および入所児童の特性に応じた性教育の指針の策定など、性教育体制の整備・開発や基本的人権を基軸とする包括的性教育の基準を満たした性教育プログラムの構築の必要性を示唆した。 In this study, we examined the current situation of sexuality education in Children's Self-reliance Support Facilities in Japan. We distributed a questionnaire to all children's self-reliance support facilities in Japan, and the staff completed it. As a result, we found that many boys and girls had behaviors related to sexual problems and experiences of sexual victimization. We also found deficiencies and weaknesses in the sexuality education system, although sexuality education was conducted at most children's self-reliance support facilities. In addition, there were not all children were subject to sexuality education as well as there were differences in the proportion of teaching depending on the topic of sexuality education. These results suggest that the need for developing a sexuality education system, such as the formulation of guidelines for sexuality education, adjusts to the characteristics of children's self-reliance support facilities. Furthermore, we considered it necessary to build a sexuality education program that meets the criteria for comprehensive sexuality education based on fundamental human rights.

type:Article 吃音症とは言葉の非流暢を特徴とする発達障害である。本論文では,吃音症に関連する心理社会的問題について,そしてそれを維持している要因の一つである吃音症当事者の注意的側面 (特に注意バイアス) に関する研究を概観した。その結果,吃音症の心理社会的問題は精神疾患の発症とも関連する重大な問題であること,さらに当事者には非当事者と比べ高い注意バイアス傾向があると考えられる一方で,それら注意バイアス研究には脅威刺激の設定などいくつか課題点があることが認められた。最後に展望として,当事者の注意的側面を評価する上での脅威モニタリングの視点の有用性と,それが吃音症に特有であるかどうかを検討する重要性を指摘した。 Stuttering is a developmental disorder characterized by disfluencies in their speech. In addition, some people who stutter suffer from psychosocial problems related to their symptoms. We overviewed studies regarding psychosocial problems, and attentional aspects (especially attentional bias) which maintain the problem. Some research showed that the psychosocial problems of people who stutter lead to psychiatric disorders, and they have higher attentional biases than those who do not. However, there are some methodological limitations to studies in this area, for example, the control of threatening stimuli. In future research directions in this area, we proposed further studies examining threat monitoring and its relevance to stuttering to assess attentional aspects in detail, and whether it's specific to people who stutter.

The present study examined the relationship between emotional responses evoked by a baby's voice and emotional regulation strategies (attachment anxiety, which reflects hyper-activating strategies; and attachment avoidance, which reflects deactivating strategies) based on attachment. We hypothesized that deactivating strategies weakly relate to emotional responses when hearing baby's voices, while hyper-activating strategies relate to emotional responses. The participants were 118 university students. Their emotional regulation strategies and emotional responses to hearing three kinds of babies' voices (crying, laughing, and babbling) were assessed using a questionnaire. The results of correlation analyses and hierarchical multiple regression analyses showed that attachment avoidance was not related to emotional responses evoked by the babies' voices. On the other hand, attachment anxiety was negatively related to positive emotion after hearing crying and babbling, and positively related to calmness after hearing laughing and babbling, and positively related to negative emotion after laughing. These findings suggest that deactivating strategies may suppress subjective emotional experiences and emotional expressions, whereas hyper-activating strategies may cause hypersensitivity and specific biases for attachment signals.

Mentalization is the capacity to perceive and interpret behavior in terms of mental states of self and other. The purpose of this study was to develop the questionnaire about mentalization (Mentalization Questionnaire; MQ), and to examine the relationship between mentalization and tendency of Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD). The university students (n=181) completed the MQ and the BPD scale. Factor analysis of the MQ revealed two factors. Internal consistency and test-retest reliability for the MQ showed sufficient reliability. The results showed that both Mentalization of self and Mentalization of other in the MQ were negatively correlated with items about instability of self-image, emotion regulation, interpersonal relationship, and, tendency of self-harming in the BPD scale. Participants with high BPD tendency was found to show significantly lower score of MQ than participants with low BPD tendency. These results indicated that the MQ had sufficient reliability and validity and the MQ is useful for measurement of individual differences of mentalization.

The present study examined the relationship between the secondary emotions caused by suppressing primary emotions (and the “double suppression” of suppressing secondary emotions) and mental health or adjustment. Participants (N=253) completed a questionnaire package containing: (1) items about the tendency to suppress emotions, (2) experiences and frequency of secondary emotions, (3) frequency of double suppression, (4) a scale of overall mental health (GHQ28), and (5) a scale assessing adjustment(measuring one's sense of basic trust). The frequency of secondary emotions caused by suppressing negative emotions, but not the tendency of emotional suppression itself, was associated with mental unhealthiness and maladjustment. The importance of this distinction that mental health and adjustment may be related to the frequency of secondary emotions rather than emotional suppression per se is discussed.

<p> 本研究では，ネガティブ感情の受容困難さと抑うつ傾向，感情の抑制傾向，反すうとの相互関係とネガティブ感情受容困難さが抑うつ傾向に与える影響について検討した。大学生511 名（男性276 名，女性230 名，不明5 名）がネガティブ感情の受容困難さ，感情抑制，反すう，抑うつに関する質問紙に回答した。4 週間後に，362 名（男性176 名，女性184 名，性別不明者2 名）がネガティブ感情の受容困難さと抑うつの質問紙に回答した。その結果，ネガティブ感情の受容困難さは反すう，抑うつと有意な正の関連が認められ，感情抑制と反すうを統制した場合でも，ネガティブ感情の受容困難さと抑うつとの間には有意な関連が示された。同時効果モデルを用いた共分散構造分析を行った結果，抑うつ群では第2 時点のネガティブ感情受容困難さが第2 時点の抑うつ得点に有意な影響を与え，一般群では第2 時点の抑うつ得点が第2 時点のネガティブ感情受容困難さに有意な影響を与えていた。</p>

本研究は，一般の幼児および自閉症児における養育者側の愛着体験や内在的要因と子どもの愛着との関連を比較検討することを通して，親子間の相互作用に影響を与えうるいくつかの要因について明らかにすることを目的とした。3~6 歳の定型発達児141 名と自閉症児36 名の保護者を対象に，子どもの愛着行動，養育者自身の被養育体験，IWM，心理化能力，養育態度を問うアンケートを実施した。その結果，定型発達児と自閉症児の愛着行動は類似した傾向を示すものの，その頻度や強度は異なっており，定型発達児の方がより愛着行動を示す傾向にあることが示唆された。また，障害の有無と愛着の安定性によって，子どもの愛着行動における養育者自身のIWM と心理化能力に差は認められなかったが，養育者が支持的に関わるかどうか，また，養育者自身がどのように育てられてきたかに差が認められた。The purpose of this study was to investigate the several factors to be related to parent-child interaction, such as parent's internalized factor, compared with mothers of autistic toddlers and developmentally normal children. Mothers having developmental normal children (3- to 6-years-old, N=141) and autistic toddlers (N＝36) participated in a questionnaire survey: the child's attachment behavior, their parent's reared experience, internal working models(IWM),mentalization, and their parenting attitude were focus on this study. Results revealed that both children's attachment behavior of developmentally normal children and autism children indicate similar tendency, but developmentally normal children showed more attachment behavior thandid autistic children. There was no significant difference in the mother's IWM and metalization, whereas significant difference in the mother's supportive parenting and parent's reared experience, between child's autistic factor (developmentally normal vs autistic) and children's attachment secure type (secure vs insecure).

本研究の目的は，愛着理論における愛着機能に焦点を当てた，愛着機能尺度（Attachment-Function Scale; AFS）を作成することである。AFSは，「安全基地」，「安全な避難所」，「近接性の維持」を下位概念と設定し，全15項目からなる尺度を構成した。本尺度を大学生246名に実施し，探索的因子分析をしたところ，上記の3因子が抽出され，確証的因子分析においても高い適合度が示された。また，α係数においても高い信頼性が示された。相関分析の結果から，愛着尺度であるECR-GOとの関連が示され，孤独感や絶望感とも負の相関が示された。これらの結果から，AFSは，内的作業モデルにおける「自己モデル」と「他者モデル」，および社会的適応性と関連する尺度であると考えられた。したがって，AFSは愛着理論における愛着機能を測定する尺度であると考えられ，AFSの信頼性と妥当性の一部が確認された。