平川 尚毅

type:Article 著者らは,小学校若手教員対象の課題探究型理科研修を毎年実施してきた。2020～21年はコロナ禍によりオンデマンドで実施したが,本稿で論じる2022年の研修では対面形式を再開した。再開した対面研修で,オンデマンドの個人学習用に開発したワークシートを,グループの中での個人の学びの支援のために使用した。同じく個人の振り返り用に開発した探究の流れ図の形式を,グループ活動のまとめポスターに使用した。まとめポスターの評価ルーブリックを開発し,グループ活動を評価した。グループ活動の評価と個人のワークシートの記述から,受講者の学習状況を推測した。併せて,受講者の理科の知識や実験技能の実態について知見を得た。 We have conducted problem-solving and inquiry-based science training for young elementary school teachers every year. In 2020~21, it was conducted on demand due to the corona disaster, but in the 2022 training discussed in this paper, the face-to-face format was resumed. In the resumed face-to-face training, worksheets developed for individual learning in on-demand training were used to support individual learning in groups. The form of the inquiry flow chart,which was also developed for individual reflection, was used as a summary poster for group activities. We developed an evaluation rubric of summary posters and evaluated group activities. From the evaluation of group activities and the description contents of individual worksheets, we estimated learning status of the participants. We also obtained knowledge about the actual state of science knowledge and experimental skills of the participants.

type:Article 本研究では、大阪教育大学附属天王寺中学校における探究的な学習実践である「自由研究」を、カリキュラム・マネジメントの観点から調査、評価した。アンケート調査から、生徒の8割は高い満足度を示していた。また、自由記述アンケートの分析からは、生徒たちが研究を進めるための技能や成果を発信する技能、問題解決能力を学びとして認識していることが明らかになった。さらに、一部の生徒へのインタビュー調査からは、高満足度群の生徒が自信と満足感を得ながら研究を進める一方、低満足度群の生徒は自己の成果に対する認識が薄いことが示唆された。 This study investigated and evaluated "free research," an inquiry-based learning practice at Tennoji Junior High School attached to Osaka Kyoiku University, from the perspective of curriculum management. From the questionnaire survey, 80% of the students showed a high level of satisfaction. Analysis of the open-ended responses revealed that students recognized the skills for conducting research, disseminating results, and problem-solving skills as learning. Furthermore, interviews with some of the students suggested that students in the high-satisfaction group proceeded with their research with a sense of confidence and satisfaction, while students in the low-satisfaction group were less aware of their own accomplishments.

type:Article コロナウイルス感染拡大の状況下,小学校若手教員を対象として,探究型理科研修をオンデマンドで実施した。研修実施のため,実験を動画で視聴しながら科学的問題解決の過程を学習するプログラムをGoogle Classroom上に作成した。受講者の到達度評価のためにルーブリックを作成し,評価を試みた。研修の実施と評価から以下の結果を得た。(1)受講者の9割が,オンデマンドプログラムを完全に終了した。(2)3人の評価者による評価の一致度の分析から,ルーブリックの改善のための知見を得た。(3)ルーブリック評価の結果から,科学的問題解決の過程の学びについての受講者の課題が示唆された。(4)水溶液の性質に関する小学校若手教員の知識の現状が明らかになった。 Due to the spread of coronavirus infection, we conducted on-demand teacher training of scientific inquiry activity for young elementary school teachers. To carry out the training, we developed a program on Google Classroom to learn the process of inquiring scientific problems by watching videos of experiments. We also created a rubric to evaluate the achievement of the learners and tried to evaluate it. The following results were obtained from the implementation and evaluation of the training. (1) 90% of the participants have completed the on-demand program. (2) From the analysis of the degree of agreement of the evaluations by the three evaluators, the knowledge for improving the rubric was obtained. (3) The results of the rubric evaluation suggested the young elementary school teachers' challenges in learning the process of solving scientific problems. (4) The current state of knowledge of young elementary school teachers regarding the properties of aqueous solutions has been clarified.

<title>Abstract</title>Early evolution of Solar System small bodies proceeded through interactions of mineral and water. Melting of water ice accreted with mineral particles to the parent body results in the formation of secondary minerals, the so-called aqueous alteration. Formation of phyllosilicates from anhydrous silicates is a typical alteration effect recorded in primitive meteorites. In addition to mineral and water, organic matter could have been also a significant component in meteorite parent bodies. However, the role of organic matter in the alteration of silicates is not well understood. We conducted a heating experiment of anhydrous silicate (olivine) with a mixture of organic compounds which simulated primordial organic matter in the Solar System. Dissolution and precipitation features were confirmed on the olivine surface after heating at 300 °C for 10 days, and proto-phyllosilicates were formed in the precipitation area. Magnesite was also detected as concomitant mineral phase. These minerals could be the evidence of aqueous alteration and carbonation of olivine induced by water generated through decomposition of the organic compounds with hydroxy groups. Our result showed that the in situ formation of hydrated silicates through a mineral–organic interaction without the initial presence of water. It further implies that formation of phyllosilicates on the olivine surface in contact with organic matter can occur in meteorite parent bodies which formed inside the H₂O snow line but accreted with organic matter, initially without water. Water formed through decomposition of organic matter could be one candidate for hydrous silicate formation, for example, in ordinary chondrites from S-type asteroids inside the H₂O snow line. Although the origin of water in ordinary chondrites is under debate, water generation from organic matter may also explain the D-rich water in ordinary chondrites because primordial organic matter is known to be D rich.

<title>Abstract</title>The origin and evolution of solar system bodies, including water on the Earth, have been discussed based on the assumption that the relevant ingredients were simply silicates and ices. However, large amounts of organic matter have been found in cometary and interplanetary dust, which are recognized as remnants of interstellar/precometary grains. Precometary organic matter may therefore be a potential source of water; however, to date, there have been no experimental investigations into this possibility. Here, we experimentally demonstrate that abundant water and oil are formed via the heating of a precometary-organic-matter analog under conditions appropriate for the parent bodies of meteorites inside the snow line. This implies that H₂O ice is not required as the sole source of water on planetary bodies inside the snow line. Further, we can explain the change in the oxidation state of the Earth from an initially reduced state to a final oxidized state. Our study also suggests that petroleum was present in the asteroids and is present in icy satellites and dwarf planets.