鈴木 康文

type:Article 本研究は,「GIGAスクール構想」の実現のために「ソフト」面に焦点をあて,デジタル教科書ならではの学びの充実をはかり,将来の学習者用デジタル教科書の有効な利活用も視野に入れつつ,現在配布されている指導者用デジタル教科書を用いた数学と理科の大学及び附属校の授業での利活用を含めたICTを効果的に活用する学習活動や教材化のための素案及び指導者用デジタル教科書を用いた授業実践の分析・考察を行うことを目的とする。 The purposes of this study are the following two points: (1) To focus on the soft wear aspects in order to realize the GIGA school concept and to enhance the learning that only digital textbooks can provide. (2) To analyze and discuss learning activities and teaching materials that effectively utilize ICT, including the use of digital textbooks for teachers in mathematics and science classes at universities and attached schools, as well as classroom practices using digital textbooks for teachers.

真空層内で加熱しているアルカリハライドの表面温度を，仮説に基づいて，熱電対で測定した。結果的に接触熱抵抗が働き，測定値の誤差は±５K以下にはならなかったが，熱電対を張り付けるための貼り付け剤の厚さに対する依存性など有益な情報が得られた。

To observe specular oscillations in ion-surface scattering originating from layer-by-layer desorption of an electron stimulated desorbed (ESD) surface, a 15 keV proton beam was impinged on the surface with an angle of incidence less than 1°. We prepared an experimental system to examine the scattering yields of reflecting protons by conveniently employing a fluorescent screen to view scattering yields (scattering patterns) and a commercial digital camera for yield measurements. Because the present energy of the proton beam was too low to illuminate the screen, a micro-channel plate was inserted in front of the screen. Measurements with electron irradiation show obvious damping specular oscillations the widths of angular distributions of scattered protons simultaneously oscillated with increasing electron fluence. From the measured periods of the oscillations, the ESD rates of thermal desorption from KBr(001) at 1.5 keV electrons irradiation were obtained for sample temperatures.

The surface morphology of KBr (001) irradiated by electrons is observed by first decorating the surface with Au particles and then replicating it with C foils. For the electron irradiation and the subsequent decoration, we integrated an electron-beam gun and a vacuum evaporator. The sample surface was irradiated by a 1.5 keV electron beam small Au particles were then evaporated onto the surface. Although the decorated sample was prepared in an ultra-high vacuum condition, the C foil was evaporated in a separate high-vacuum evaporator. To avoid deliquescence of the sample surface, contact between the sample and the ambient air was minimized by transporting the sample between the two vacuum chambers in a N2-gas-filled enclosure. Imaging the surface with a transmission electron microscope revealed many rectangular monolayer pits. The mean area of the pits and the associated standard deviation are presented versus temperature the mean pit area increases with temperature.

<p>斜入射高速陽子を用いて電子刺激脱離したアルカリハライド結晶表面の形状変化を調べている。電子線照射により刺激脱離したアルカリハライド表面は照射量に応じて1原子層ずつ剥離するように脱離する。また,電子刺激脱離した結晶表面で散乱した陽子の散乱強度も電子線照射量の増加とともに振動するため,この振動周期から表面原子の層状剥離の周期を見積ることで，表面形状と粗さの変化が予想できる。今回,keV陽子を用いた実験を開始したため,これを報告する。</p>

<p>やむことのない改革が求められている昨今の大学教育の中にあっても，我々教員免許の取得を卒業要件としている課程（教員養成課程）では，教員免許法に縛られた必修科目が存在し，この枠組みを破ったカリキュラム改正はできない。これを現在の社会や学生が求めるあり方に変えるには，その実施方法（授業方法）に改革を加えるしかない。我々は，ここ2年間に，卒業研究，物理学実験，物理学Ⅰ・Ⅱという本学での必修授業の実施方法を大きく変えてきた。今回は，前回（卒業研究）にひき続き，講義科目と学生実験の改革の実践について紹介する。講義では，アクティブラーニングを目指して，グループワークなどを取り入れている。次回以降，このグループワークの中味などの紹介を行いたい。残念ながらエビデンスを基にこの改革が有効であったかどうかの議論はできないが，ここで紹介を行うことで，この実施方法に対する有意義な議論をしていただければ幸いに思い，申し込むことにしている。</p>

We introduce our handmade image intensifer for visualizing the beam profiles of accelerated ion beams having energy and current in the order of keV and nano-amperes, respectively. The simple image intensifer comprising stainless steel meshes and a fluorescent screen has been designed for the transport of mm-size ion beams. The intensifer is easy to install in the beamline of a vacuum setup, because it is designed to attach on a conflat flange of ICF70. We have used the image intensifer to observe the beam profiles of the ion beams transported from the ion source to an ultra-high vacuum chamber. Through the use of the image intensifer, bright images were obtained, and it was concluded that the intensifer is useful for observing the profiles of the beams having current densities greater than 0.1 nA mm-2.

高校生や大学生に対して,身近な電気製品に使われている科学技術に対する興味を喚起するためにLEDを用いた光通信に関する教材を作製した。一つはLED光線電話であり,もう一つはLEDによる音声・映像通信機である。前者は古くから知られたものであるが,後者は新たに考案したものである。LEDからの光をDVDプレイヤーからの音声信号と映像信号で変調させ,この光を受光側に置いたLEDで受け取り,増幅し,テレビで再生するものである。2本のアクリル棒を光ファイバーケーブルとして用い,その中で光を送信する。教材としての改良を繰り返しながら,子ども・保護者・高校生・大学生.教員らに対し複数回の教育実践の機会を設けた。その結果,これらの教材は従来もっている通信の概念とは異なって目新しく映り,見る者の驚きとともに興味や関心を引き付けることが分かった。

Growth forms of Au particles prepared by vacuum evaporation methods on KBr(001) and KCl(001) substrates with two types of surface steps prepared by thermal sublimation and by electron stimulated desorption are studied by using a carbon backing method with a transmission electron microscope. Spiral steps of monoatomic height have been prepared on the substrate surfaces by heat sublimation. Epitaxial Au particles with pyramidal shapes and other multiply twined particles are grown by the vacuum evaporation on the substrates at temperatures of 50-450°C. The size distributions of the particles on the substrates are reported and the typical size is measured to be smaller than 20×20 nm2. The ratio of populations of the multiply twined particles along the KBr steps is increased compared with that on the flat area. However, this increase in the ratio is not observed for particles grown on KCl. Additionally, step assemblies are prepared by electron stimulated desorption (ESD). The dependence of the size distributions of the Au particles grown on the substrates on electron Influence is measured for the ESD surfaces. With increasing electron Influence, the peak particle distribution size becomes smaller and particles smaller than 1 nm are observed.

We have examined the surface-channeling of 550 keV protons on electron-bombarded KBr(001) surfaces at grazing incidence. On the surface, electron-stimulated desorption (ESD) resulting from the irradiation of 5 keV electrons changes the surface morphology. In order to investigate the change of the surface morphology, the luminous intensity distributions observed on a fluorescent screen (scattering patterns) of the reflected protons under the surface-channeling conditions are measured. Normalized specular intensity of the protons oscillates, and the results of computer simulations show that the period of the intensity oscillation agrees with the period of layer-by-layer desorption. The measured period of the oscillation is comparable to the simulated one, i.e., the period of the desorption, however, the measured amplitude of the oscillation is weak. This shows that the layer-by-layer desorption of the experimental surface is observed but is not as remarkable as that of the perfect surface introduced in the simulation. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

生活に密着し,比較的簡単に作れる教材をめざして,スマートハウスの模型を製作した。加えて,模型全体を説明するためのポスターやいくつかの項目に分けたワークシートを作成し,理科実験イベントで,子どもや保護者等を対象にし,未来の省エネルギー社会の電気エネルギーの利用方法の教育実践を行った。その結果,本教材またはその一部は,エネルギー教育に有効な新しい教材として,大学や学校教員の理科部会等で製作し,科学イベント等に使用することが可能であるという期待が持てた。

Trajectories of fast (0.55 MeV) protons impinging under planar surface channeling conditions with an angle of incidence of several mrad are calculated on KBr(001) surfaces decorated by electron stimulated desorption (ESD). Two-dimensional angular distributions of protons scattered on the surface are obtained. In order to calculate trajectories, a computational technique is needed to form a set of morphologies of the surfaces according to the electron ‰uence. In our method, an assumption is made that the topmost atoms on the low coordinate sites are easily emitted by the ESD processes5). By choosing parameters introduced in the method, the oscillatory behavior of the desorption yields demonstrated by other groups is reproduced2). The resulting peak intensity of the re‰ected protons from the trajectory on the ensemble of surfaces with varying electron ‰uence oscillates as the electron ‰uence increases. Corresponding angular distributions of re‰ected protons have been measured on the electron irradiated KBr(001) surfaces, and a similar oscillation can be seen on the scattered yields with weak amplitudes.

真空計の一つであるガイスラー管から発せられるX線を用いて,第1世代X線CT(Computed Tomography)をモデル化した教材を製作した。X線をスリットでコリメートし,GM管(Geiger-Muller Tube)で検出する装置を組立,スリットとGM管の間に回転・左右・上下移動が可能な試料台を置いたものである。試料台の上に複数の高さが違う試料棒を配直し,試料台の回転角や移動距離に対してX線の透過・吸収を測定した。これを中・高等学校の理科の教員向けに開いているサイエンスパートナーシップ事業や教員養成系の物理学実験で使用している。手作りの教材が,モデルでありながら,現代物理学の有用性を実感できる教材になった。

Angle-dependent energy losses of well-collimated 5-10 keV protons scattered in collisions with CH4, CH6, and C3H8 molecules have been measured. The thickness of the targets is less than 20mPa.m, which is determined from the measured neutral fraction in the scattered beam and the charge-transfer cross sections reported by another group. The scattered protons have slightly expanded tails of the angular distribution. The measured energy losses increase with the angle. The stopping cross sections, which are obtained by integrating the angle-dependent energy losses over the square of the angle, agree well with the compilation values of SRIM-2006. The stopping cross sections are found to have a non-linear relationship with the size of target molecules. The contribution of a carbon atom attached by two hydrogen atoms of a heavier molecule becomes relatively small. This molecular size effect is enhanced with the decreasing energy of protons. Meanwhile, for protons that are deflected significantly, the molecular size effect is decreased.

To understand the various surface morphology of ionic crystal that is irradiated by electrons, the surface channeling technique of ion beam is used. The energy spectra and the channeling-dips are measured by the detection of 550 keV proton beam scattered from the electron-irradiated surface of KCl(001). After the electron-irradiation, the roughness of the sample surface is observed by an Atomic force microscope. The results of these experiments are compared with the calculated results of a computer simulation. The proton beam which directed along the 〈100〉 axis penetrates into the crystal and is scattered at large angle. This result is due to the surface morphology changed by the electron-stimlated-desorption.

我々の研究室で作った体験・対話型の移動科学館は学内を中心に地元でも知名度を上げている。この移動科学館による科学館学習に期待できるものについて考察した。参加した児童生徒に対しては理科学習に興味・関心を高める効果が期待できる。また参加した教員や保護者が児童生徒の理科学習に積極的に対応するようになることにも期待できる。こういった小学校教員や保護者を介して大学から社会への情報発信や社会における科学の伝承にも効果的である。さらに教員養成に対する効果も期待されていることが分かった。

研究室で執り行っている科学館の特性について考察した。その結果「移動できること」「展示教材が手作りであること」「解説者がいること」が大きな特徴であることが分かった。これらを基に,この科学館を用いた活動が小学生教育に対してどういった貢献ができるかを考察した。科学館の開催先で偶然来場した小学生に対し「科学へのアプローチがしやすくなること」「理科の勉強をしたいと思う気持ちを持たせること」及び「自分たちの科学館を用いた教員養成を通して」学校教育への貢献が期待できることが結論された。A characteristic of our science museum is surveyed. Our museum has the merits that it is "moving", "hand-made" and "with commentary by student-staffs". Taking into account the surveyed merits, contributions of our science museum to the education for children in elementary schools are discussed. The children, who meet this museum by a chance, get an approach to science and an intention to study science. An additional contribution to the education in elementary schools is also expected in near future through our student-training for teachers.

研究室で作製した物理教材の幅広い用い方や授業の単元内での位置づけも含め,教材開発の手法の研究を行った。まず,製作した教材を手作り科学館に出展し,一般の人や子どもたちからの評価を受けて改良した。これに引き続き,学校インターン制度を活用し,学校の授業の流れの中に教材を組み込むことにより,その教育効果を検討した。インターン制度を活用する方法は,児童の学習に対する理解の素早い把握と単元調整が可能なことから教材開発に有効である。またこの一連の教材開発に対する手法は開発した教材を良くすることだけでなく,物理を広めることにも役立った。さらにこれに携わった学生を実践力を持った理科教員へ養成することにつながることが期待される。

張った糸を伝わる波の物理教材の開発を行った。波源として,コンセントからの100Vの交流起電力で働く電磁石の上にボタン型マグネットを取り付けた。交流の周波数に応じた電磁石の極性の変化で,マグネットと電磁石の間に交互に引力・斥力を働かせることで振動させる。この振動を糸に伝え,糸にできる定在波を観測した。糸を振動させたまま,糸と糸に与える振動の方向とのなす角度を自由に変化させることができるようにした。装置全体を木製テーブルの上に固定し,小型で誰にでも製作しやすくしたことに加え,学習者にとっては扱いやすい教材にした。

研究室で作製した力学教材と熱力学教材を大阪教育大学・理科専攻の学生を対象とした物理学実験で活用した。力学教材はパチンコ玉の滑走台による力学的エネルギーの保存に関する実験器であり,熱力学教材は水柱やコンピュータセンサーを活用したボイル-シャルルの法則の実験器である。これらの教材は,幅の広い実験を行うことが可能であるという特質を持つ。活用した結果,物理を元々好きだった学生には,科学的探究心を育てるために意義ある教材である。しかし,物理への興味や関心の薄い学生に対しては,用い方に工夫しない限り,興味をわかせるような教材になっていないことが分かった。これを受けて用い方の工夫に対する考察を行った。

力学に関する学生実験やこども達への演示教材としてパチンコの玉を転がす滑走台を製作した。長さ2mのカーテンレールをベニヤ板に打ちつけたものである。」三の速さ(Vm>2m/s)は, 玉がレール上の特定の場所を通過するときに発する電気信号の時間間隔を記録することによって測定した。レールの先端に発射台を取り付け, そこから飛んだ玉の飛距離を測定した。レールの途中にもう一つの玉を置き, 玉どうしの衝突についても演示や測定を行った。これらの測定で求めた玉の運動エネルギーを力学的エネルギー保存の法則に照らして比較考察した。また衝突における運動量についても考察した。これらの考察によって, "慎重に測定した結果からは, 従来の物理教材で無視されがちな効果が見える" ことが例示できた。この教材は, 用い方を選ぶことで, 大学生, 高校生, 中学生, 小学生それぞれに力学現象への興味と有意義な理解を与えるものである。

気体の熱力学法則に関する実験教材を製作した。注射器で気体分子 (空気) が入れてある容器の体積を変化させ, 容器内の空気の圧力と温度をそれぞれ水柱と温度計で測定する仕組みである。圧力と温度は "Science Workshop" に接続したセンサーでも測定できるようにした。この教材を数名の高校生と数名の本学の学生に使用してもらい, 彼らの実験の様子を観察した。その結果, この教材は大学生の教育に有効であろうと判断した。気体の法則に関する熱力学教材は, 物理の他の分野の教材に比べ数が少ないので, この教材を用いて実験を行う本学の学生が, 教育現場に何を学び持っていけるかを考察した。

Neutral fractions are measured for (0.4-0.8) MeV H+ ion beams transmitted through aluminum epitaxial foils under the (100) planar channeling condition. Two foils are prepared: the first (Theta=90degrees) is almost perpendicular to the direction of the beam and the second (Theta=30degrees) is inclined at 60degrees compared with the first. The measured neutral fractions, which are in the 10(-3) range, exhibit a minimum at the (100) channeling direction, however, the channeling effect is enhanced for the foil with Theta=30degrees. The fraction is calculated for the two foils from the equilibrium fraction and the charge exchange between the ions and the surface atoms in a vacuum. Both the equilibrium fraction and the charge exchange depend on the exit positions of ions from the midplane of the channel. The measured energy dependence of the ratio (channeling/random) of the fractions is reproduced by calculation. Thus the results indicate that the transmitted charge-state distributions are modified by the charge exchange after the emergence of ions in a vacuum.

Neutral fractions are measured for ions transmitted parallel to the beam direction at the incidence of (0.3-0.6) MeV H+ beams on a poly-crystalline aluminum foil with a variance in the angle of incidence theta. The fraction measured for the equivalent ion-energy decreases with the decreasing angle of incidence. The relative difference between the fractions at the normal (theta = 90degrees) and inclined (theta = 30degrees) incidence increases slightly with the increasing energy of the ions. The dependence of fraction on the angle is calculated by using a model for the charge-exchange that includes not only the electron loss from and electron capture into the 1s state of hydrogen, but also the electron loss after an excitation of hydrogen in collisions with the atoms on the topmost layer of the surface. The electron loss of the excited hydrogen enhances the decrease of the fraction at the inclined incidence and this improves the calculated results to reproduce the experimental one.

Dependence of the neutral fractions contained in the foil-transmitted 0.6 MeV H+ ion beams on the angle of incidence (2.5-90 degree) has been measured at the beam direction: when (0.6-1) MeV H+ ions are impinged on a poly-crystalline Al thin foil. The fraction for ions of the same exit-energy decreases slightly with the decreasing angle of incidence. The dependence on the angle of incidence is calculated with a classical model for charge-exchanges with a modification taking into account the topological effect of the exit-surface of the foil. The surface is observed by a three-dimensional-profile microscope and the parameters of the surface roughness are obtained. The observed parameters are consistent with those calculated from the surface topology assumed to obtain the neutral fractions comparable to the measured ones.

Energy losses of fragment protons from 0.2- and 0.5-MeV/amu H-2(+) were measured at transmission through amorphous carbon foils of thickness less than 25 mu g/cm(2). The energy losses of randomly oriented fragment protons and those of the fragment protons aligned in the direction of motion show how the spatial correlation of the protons affects the energy loss. We use the dielectric formalism to calculate the stopping power of amorphous carbon for two spatially correlated protons and compare with the experimental energy-loss data. We conclude that higher energies or thinner foils are necessary to understand the anomalous energy loss of aligned proton pairs.

Neutral fractions of specularly reflected beams have been measured for the glancing-angle incidence of (0.2-0.5) MeV H+ ions on a clean (001) surface of SnTe. The measured fractions have been compared with the results calculated by a classical model for charge exchanges and by a model based on the first-order perturbation theory. The experimental and calculated results have differed greatly. The disagreements are attributed to collisions with valence electrons on the surface. The electron capture cross-sections of (0.2-0.5) MeV H+ ions for valence electrons have been derived, based on the measured neutral fraction and distribution of valence electrons for jellium background positive charges, and are found to be about ten times larger than those for the outermost electrons of Sn and Te atoms calculated by the classical model.

Samples of Ti and Zr metals have been carbonized or nitrided at high temperature by means of reactive plasma processing. Thickness and hardness of modified layers increased with the processing temperature and time in an experimental range below 1500 degrees C for less 5h. The maximum hardness of TiC-layer modified at 1300 degrees C for 3h was about 5000Hv(kg/mm(2)) and the maximum thickness of ZrC-layer formed at 1400 degrees C for 5h reached about 100 mu m. A TiC-layer was analyzed with EPMP, XRD, EXAFS and PAS(Positron Annihilation Spectroscopy), It was confirmed that the sub-surface layer of Ti metal was the mixture of TiC ceramics and Ti metal, and that the thickness of TiC with NaCl type structure was very large.

The attenuation of hydrogen atoms and H-like He, Li, C and O ions of about 10-MeV/amu due to the electron loss collisions in thin carbon foils was measured as a function of foil thickness. At the thinner foil region, the incident beams attenuated exponentially as the foil thickness increased. From the attenuation rates, we have determined the electron loss cross sections of the ground slate H-like ions. The obtained cross sections are larger than the theoretical predictions based on the Born approximation, especially for projectiles of higher atomic number. They can be well explained quantitatively taking account of the contribution from the projectile excitation which leads to the ionization by the subsequent collision in the foils. (C) 1998 Published by Elsevier Science B.V.

The total secondary electron emission yields from a clean (001) surface of SnTe crystal are studied at the bombardment of hydrogen clusters (H+, H-2(+) and H-3(+) ions) with energies ranging from 7 to 12 keV/amu. The observed yield is not proportional to the number of protons in the cluster ion. The yields are successfully explained by applying the stopping powers of a homogeneous electron gas for the constituents of the clusters in keV energy region, which provide the vicinage effect.

Energy losses of H+ fragments repelled parallel and antiparallel to the beam direction at dissociation are measured for a glancing-angle incidence of 0.15-0.6-MeV/amu H-2(+) ions on a clean (001) surface of SnTe. The sum of the energy losses of the specularly reflected fragments is larger than twice that of protons of the same velocity reflected from the surface. For the interpretation of the vicinage effect on the stopping power of the surface, the energy losses of the pairs of fragments resulting from the dissociation of H-2(+) are calculated at the glancing-angle scattering. The contribution of single-electron excitation to the energy-loss of the pair is calculated with the harmonic-oscillator model [J. Basbas and R. H. Ritchie, Phys. Rev. A 25, 1943 (1982)] and that of collective excitation by the superposition of surface wakes of two protons. A dependence of the vicinage effect on the distance from the surface is found from the calculated stopping powers-where the pronounced effect becomes weak as the distance decreases. The calculated energy losses of the reflected pairs of protons agree fairly with those measured. The agreement of the calculated energy losses with those measured supports the calculated dependence of the vicinage effects.

Mean energy losses of 31.8 MeV neutral He-3 atoms penetrating through thin carbon foils of 1.6-7.2 mu g/cm(2) were measured using a high-resolution magnetic spectrograph. The measured particles are those entered into the carbon foil as He-3(0) and emerged from it as He-3(0). From the attenuation measurement of He-3(0) in the foils, we can regard the measured energy losses as those of He-3(0) in a frozen charge stare. The measured stopping power of carbon for 31.8 MeV He-3(0) is 58.2 +/- 4.9 eV/mu g/cm(2). Including our previous data for other partially clothed ions of the same velocity, the projectile atomic number dependence of the screening effect due to the bound electrons is roughly reproduced by the theoretical predictions based on the Born approximation. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V.

Mean energy losses of 10.4-MeV neutral hydrogen atoms penetrated through thin carbon foils of 3.7-13.4 mu g/cm(2) were measured using a high-resolution magnetic spectrograph. The measured particles are those entered into the carbon foil as H-0 and emerged from it as H-0. From the attenuation measurement of H-0 in the foils, we can regard the energy losses as those of H-0 in a frozen charge state. The measured stopping power of carbon for 10.4-MeV H-0 is 21.3+/-1.8 eV/(mu g/cm(2)) and is about one-half that for H+ at the same speed. This result agrees well with the theoretical predictions based on the first-order Born approximation.

Mean energy losses of foil-transmitted H-2+ ions are measured for the incidence of 9.6-MeV/amu H-2+, ions on carbon foils of 1.5-8.5 mug/cm2 thickness. The measured ions are those that have traversed the carbon foil without loss of their original electrons. The stopping power of carbon for 9.6-MeV/amu H-2+ ions, derived from the energy losses, is 55.8+/-4.6 eV/(mug/cm2). The obtained stopping power is compared with that calculated with the first Born approximation. The calculated result is slightly larger than the experimental one.