岡本 幾子

In Japan, pharmacists as well as patients often have problems distinguishing one ethical tablet from another because they can be very similar in color. In an attempt to solve this problem, we hypothesized using a background sheet of dark gray identified by N3.5 on the Munsell color system (Munsell CS). The colors of 369 and 656 ethical tablets in Japan and the USA, respectively, were measured. On the Munsell CS, the Japanese tablets were localized mostly in the range of hues between 10R similar to 10Y with values >= 8 and chroma <= 4, while the colors of the American tablets were scattered over the hue spectrum with a variety of values and chroma. Based on these findings, we examined the effects of background colors on discrimination between 5 tablets classified into yellow, yellow red, red, or mixed groups that represented typical domestic Japanese tablets. Background colors of light, medium, and dark gray, purple, blue, and blue green were selected based on a general concept on color discrimination. The influence of white 10 mm-ruled squares on background sheets was examined as well. Under JIS Z8723 conditions, 42 volunteers used a 4-point scale to evaluate how clearly they could discriminate between each set of tablets on each of the background sheets. Variance analysis of the obtained data with SPSS (R) demonstrated that with healthy vision, use of a dark gray background sheet with or without ruled squares enabled the sharpest and most feasible discrimination between all sets of tablets. A similar test with dark gray and white clearly demonstrated that the former works as a practical background color for discrimination among different domestic Japanese tablets.

この論文では,身体障害のある高齢者のために試作した自助具「布製靴下すべり」が接触圧および足の断面形状にどのように影響を及ぼすか検討した。3つのタイプの靴下エイドを用いて,高齢者のモデルが靴下を履く着用実験を行った。モデルの足の測定点における接触圧を計測し,とくに楔状骨点の接触圧と圧迫感の関係を検討した。さらに非接触3次元計測による足の断面形状を測定し,断面形状と接触圧の関係を検討した。結論として,(1) 高齢者のために試作した靴下すべりは,低い接触圧を示した。(2) 高齢者のために試作した靴下すべりは,足の形に沿って変形された。(3)靴下エイドの 変形しにくさが,接触圧の値に影響する。したがって,試作した靴下すべりは足を締める接触圧を下げることができる。In this paper we examine how the sock aid which we devised newly for the disabled people influences the contact pressure and the foot shape of the cross-section. We evaluated on elderly model the contact pressure on the measuring point of the foot during we put on socks with three types of the sock aids, examined the relationship with the contact pressure of cuneiform point and the feeling of pressure. Then we measured the foot shape of the cross-section using non-contact 3D digitizer, examined the relationship between these measured shapes and the contact pressures. In conclusion, (1) The sock aid devised for the elderly records low numbers of the contact pressure. (2) The sock aid devised for the elderly is transformed along the shape of the foot. (3) The difficult sock aid to be transformed affects the value of the contact pressure; therefore we can reduce contact pressure of the foot tightening.

介護保険施設を対象にした衣・食・住の清潔ならびに高齢者の身体の清潔に関する調査結果をもとに、施設入居者の被服ならびに介護用繊維製品の洗浄、入浴、被髪頭部や口腔の洗浄、食材および食器の洗浄、施設内の清掃などについて検討した。高齢者の被服や寝具には、身体や生活環境からの汚れ、食物摂取時の汚れ、薬品による汚れのほか、排泄の失敗による便や尿などの汚れも付着する場合がある。使用後の繊維製品は、原則として施設付属の洗濯室で業務用洗濯脱水機を用いた温水洗浄が行われている。ただし、汚染の状況によっては洗浄前に消毒した後、一般の洗濯物とは別浴で洗浄する。入浴介護では、石けんや合成洗剤のほかオリーブ油、ワセリン、流動パラフィンなどの溶剤が用いられている。陰部および臀部はとくに、便や尿、分泌物などにより汚染されやすく、褥そうや尿路感染、臭気発生などの防止にためにも拭くだけでなく、洗浄による汚れ除去が必要である。義歯は毎食後はずして、一般の歯磨き剤と義歯洗浄剤を併用して洗浄する。給食業務は、HACCP(Hazard Analysis and Crutical Control Point)の概念に基づく衛生管理を取り入れて行なう。施設内の清掃は、清潔度によるゾーニングを行い、必要に応じて洗浄除菌剤を用いる。介護保険施設における洗浄は、従来からある医療機関における洗浄に準じた方法で対応するのではなく、高齢者の生活の場であることに配慮した独自のマニュアルが必要であることを示唆した。

機能性繊維と標準試料および現行病衣の保湿性・接触感を評価するとともに, 着用実験により病衣の快適評価法の提案を試みた。6種類の機能性繊維は, 二重構造による編物である。保湿性については, 布の厚さとかさ高性に相関が認められた。接触感(接触性・接触湿潤感)では機能性繊維が他の試料に比べ吸汗性にすぐれ, 肌側がドライである。機能性繊維の構造特性が関与している。発汗時におけるぬれ感, べたつき感が少なく, さらっと感があることには, 着用実験の結果, 天竺編が他の編地に比べ高く評価された。布の厚さ0.7～0.8mm程度が病衣の快適性に関与することが明らかになった。また, 湿潤感, 温冷感と肌触り(接触感)が, 発汗時における快適性に関与していることが明らかになった。これらの結果から, 病衣の快適性評価方法の提案を行った。We evaluated keeping warm, feeling of the contact about a function fiber and a standard sample and the patient clothes being used at present, and examined it about the performance required by the material of the patient clothes. Futhermore, after a wear experiment was done, we tried the proposal of the way of evaluating it about the comfortableness of the sickness clothes. Six kinds of function fibers are knitted fanbrics, which consist of double structure. The correlation between keeping warm and the thickness of the cloth was recognized, as well as between keeping warm and the bulk. The absorption of the sweat of the function fibers are excellent in comparison with the other samples, and skin side is drying; the structural feature of the function fiber influenses that there are a few stickiness, stuffiness being rare at the time of the perspiration. Plain stich was evaluated high as the result of the wear experiment in comparison with other knitted fabrics. And, the thickness of the cloth, about 0.7～0.8mm influences the comfortableness of the patient clothes. The sense (for example, it is damp and warm and cold, in such cases as the touch) when skin touches cloth influences comfortableness at the time of the perspiration. We could propose how to evaluate the comfortableness of the patient clothes from these results.

発汗時における病衣の素材に要求される性能について, 機能性繊維と標準試料および現行病衣の吸水性・吸水率・透湿性・乾燥性について検討するとともに, 素材の織編構造が快適性に及ぼす影響について検討を行った。吸水性 (吸水速度) については, 機能性繊維がすぐれていた。機能性繊維はドライシートと吸水シートの二重構造からなり, 肌側がドライで, 吸水, 拡散性に優れたニット素材である。ただし, 吸水率では標準試料の綿がすぐれていた。透湿性は, 試料間に差は認められなかった。乾燥性については, いずれの機能性繊維も標準試料のテトロンモスリンに比べ, 乾燥に時間を要した。透湿性, 乾燥性については, 今後の改質・改良が必要であるとともに, 速乾性で高吸水率の性能を有する機能性繊維の開発の必要性を示唆した。We examined it about the character of the fiber cloth required by the clothes of the patient who has much perspiration, a suction of water speed, a suction of water rate, moisture transmission, dryness, and so on. Furthermore, we examined it about the influence of the patient clothes which textile structure and knitted fabric structure exerted comfortably. Standard sample cloth, function fiber cloth, patient clothes on the market, and so on were used for the experiment. Standard samples are 100% of the cotton and 100% of the polyester, and function fiber cloth and patient clothes are blended yarns of the cotton and the polyester. Function fiber cloth is knitted fabric that consists of the double structure of the seat, which gives it a suction of water seat and a feeling of dryness. A skin side dries because that suction of water speed is fast and water diffusion is excellent when function fiber cloth is worn. But, a suction of water rate showed the value that the cotton cloth of the standard sample was high. Difference in moisture transmission was hardly admitted between the samples used in this experiment. Function fiber cloth needed time in comparison with the polyester cloth of the standard sample for dryness. As for moisture transmission and dryness, improvement will be more necessary from now on. And, we suggested the need of the development of the function fiber cloth that improved water absorption, dryness all the more.

高齢者施設における日常生活の安全性に対する色彩のかかわりについて,高齢者の色彩に関する感情効果ならびに可視度を考慮して検討を行った。測色による調査から,視覚機能が低下している高齢者にとって「見分けにくい色や見間違いやすい色」が生活環境中に多く使用されていることが明らかになった。高齢者の色彩嗜好は,明度と彩度の影響が大きい傾向が認められた。色彩弁別能力については,すべての被験者が「劣る」と判定されるとともに青-黄系の視覚障害が多く認められた。また,10^2cd・m^(-2)未満の低輝度レベルであっても,生活環境の色彩調節や必要に応じた局部照明の採用により,高齢者にとって安全で円滑な日常生活が可能であることを示唆した。In this paper, we investigated the influence of the color on a safe daily life, related emotional effects and visibility for the aged. The colorimetry got result that "colors, which were difficult to discriminate and which confused to misjudge", were used in various living environment of the nursing home for the aged, whose visual perception was going down. On the other hand, the color preference of them depended on the influence of lightness and chromaticness. All aging subjects were judged as "inferior" on the color distinguish ability, and then the blue-yellow visual disorder were recognized in the most of them. But it was also concluded, that a safe daily life for the aged is possible by the color conditioning and spot lighting under the low luminance levels (<10^2cd・m^(-2)).