下村 陽一

本論文は, 社会的知覚のプロセスを研究するための新しい方法である対人的知覚課題(Interpersonal Perception Task、以下IPTと記す)の概要を紹介し, 日米比較研究を行うための試行的調査について述べるものである。IPTは, 30の場面から成るビデオテープであり, 各々の場面は, その場面で示される相互作用についての多肢選択式質問とセットになっている。全ての場面は, 台本のない行動の全チャンネルの連続を含み, 正確な判断の客観的な基準が用いられ, 社会的相互作用の5つの共通するタイプ-つまり, 地位, 親密さ, 親族関係, 競争, および, 欺瞞-が示されている。米国での調査では, IPTは438人の被験者に実施された。結果は, 被験者が30場面のうちの28場面で偶然の確率よりも正解率が高く, そして, 女性の方が男性よりも正解率が高いことが示された。日本での今回の調査では, データ数が少ないため米国のデータと統計的に比較することはできないが, 米国人よりも高い正解率を示した場面もあり, 非言語的手掛かりの解釈という面で興味深い結果を得ている。This paper introduces an abstract of the Interpersonal Perception TASK (IPT) that is a new method for studying the process of social perception and describes investigation of a trial to do a Japan-U.S. comparison study. The IPT is a videotape consisting of 30 scenes, and each scene is set with a multiple-choice question about the interaction depicted in the scene. All scenes contain full-channel sequences of unscripted behavior and employ an objective criterion of accurate judgment. Five common types of social interaction are represented : status, intimacy, kinship,, competition and deception. By investigation in the U.S.A., the IPT was administered to 438 subjects. Results indicated that subjects performed better than chance for 28 of 30 scenes and that females performed better than males. By investigation of this time in Japan, we cannot compare it statistically with American data because of a little number of data. However, there is the scene that Japanese showed a higher correct answer rate than an American and we gets an interesting result with a respect of interpretation of nonverbal cues.

本研究において,従来の感情研究ではともすれば取り扱われることの少なかった「派生的感情」に焦点を当て,その存在を確認するとともに,「派生的感情」の実態を実証的に検証した。本研究は,「派生的感情」の研究を発展させていく上でのパイロット・スタディとして位置づけられるものである。32の現実的場面からなる質問紙を構成し,各場面で感じられる感情と,何らかの理由でその感情を抑えておもてに表せなかったために生じる別の異なる感情を問うことによって,「派生的感情」の存在が確認され,自己嫌悪の感情がその顕著な「派生的感情」であることが見い出された。We focused on "secondary emotion" of which the former study of emotion has made little mention, and examined the existense and the realities of "secondary emotion" with experimentally method. "Primary emotion" refers to emotion that people feel naturally against events which evoke emotion, and the other side "secondary emotion" refers to emotion that people feel related with "primary emotion". The concept of display rule was formed in order to give an account of culture difference on expression of primary emotion, and took no thought of "secondary emotion". This report is located on a pilot study so far as study of "secondary emotion" develops. We composed the questionnaire consisted of 32 actual scenes and asked subjects to answer emotion that they imagined to feel from each scenes. And then we asked subjects to answer alternative emotion that they imagine to feel when they could not express "primary emotion" from one cause or another. As the results we corroborated the existence of "secondary emotion" and found that self-aversion was a typical "secondary emotion".

本研究では,虚偽の陳述を行っているアメリカ人女性をモデルとしたVTRテープを用いて,日本人大学生に真偽の判断を求め,欺瞞場面と関連する非言語手掛かりの検出を行った。その結果,「視線を外らす」行動が欺瞞を手掛かりであることが検証され,さらに「微笑み」が他の非言語行動(眉の動き,まばたき,頭の動きなど)と連動した形で,欺瞞を示す手掛かりとして機能していることが見い出された。Nonverbal behaviors play an important role in many social situations, particularly when a communicator is either anable or unwilling to express his or her feelings. Any emotion can be falsified to help conceal any other emotion. For example, smiling is the mask most frequently employed. Lie can be betrayed by some aspect of the deceiver's behavior. A facial expression, tone of voice, slip of the tongue, or certain gestures could leak his or her true feelings. There are two kinds of clues to deceit. When a liar mistakenly reveals the truth, it is called as "leakage". When the liar's behavior suggests he or she is lying without revealing the truth, it is called as "a deception clue". A deception clue answers the question of whether or not the person is lying, although it does not reveal what is being concealed. Only leakage would do that. Lying is such a central characteristic of life that better understanding of it is relevant to almost all human affairs. In the situation of a lie or deceit, one person intends to mislead another, doing so deliberately, without prior notification of this purpose, and without having been explicitly asked to do by the target person. In this paper, by means of video tape recording 8 American women who made statements of deception, we asked to judge truth or lie to Japanese students, and we examined nonverbal cues related with deceptive situation. The results showed that behavior of "turning one's eyes away" was clue of deception. And it was found that "smiling" worked as an indicator of clue of deception when it made working together with other nonverbal behaviors, movements of blows, blinks, and movements of head.