林 洋輔

平成27年度「上廣倫理財団」における研究助成課題「生き方としての哲学Philosophy as a Way of Life」の創成：<br /> 「精神の修練Spiritual Exercise」 と「生圏倫理学Eco-Ethica」に着眼して」成果報告論文（2017年3月提出）。

本稿では西洋哲学,とりわけ「精神の修練Spiritual Exercise」の視座より「エグゼルシスの哲学」の創成に向けた予備作業として「理論と実践の統合」のモデルを参照した。フランスの哲学者ピエール・アド(1922-2010)による「精神の修練Spiritual Exercise」のモデルを用いて主に彼の研究および議論が行われた。本稿ではアドの「精神の修練Spiritual Exercise」の議論に多くを負いつつ,哲学者に見られる「理論と実践の統合」に着眼して検討を進めた。マルクス・アウレリウスおよびルネ・デカルトによれば,彼らの行動(実践)は彼らの著作の反映であり,逆もまた然りである。著作(理論)および行動(実践)との相互密接な関係が「理論と実践の統合」の要諦である。さらに,マルクス・アウレリウスおよびルネ・デカルトの思想と行動,そして著作のすべては「精神の修練Spiritual Exercise」の概念から説明できる。それゆえ概観するに,哲学の観点からみる思想と行動のすべてが「精神の修練Spiritual Exercise」の概念を通じて説明しうる。「精神の修練」の概念を精査することにより,向後の議論が継起する。そして,西洋哲学の視点から「理論と実践の統合」のさらなる考え方が探求されよう。In this study, we have attempted to clarify a model of "Unity of Theory and Practice" toward the foundation of `Philosophy of Exercise' from the viewpoint of Western Philosophy, especially Spiritual Exercise. French philosopher Pierre Hadot (1922–2010) mainly investigated and argued by using Spiritual Exercise as a model. According to Hadot, philosophy is a way of life and not a means for constructing a theoretical and abstract system. We investigate the philosopher's model of "Unity of theory and practice" seen in Spiritual Exercise deeply based on Hadot's argumentation for the most part. According to Marcus Aurelius and René Descartes, their acts were reflections of their writings and vice versa. This mutual and close relationship between writing (theory) and action (practice) reflects the "Unity of theory and practice" theory. Moreover, all of Marcus Aurelius' and René Descartes' thoughts, acts, and writings could be explained from the notion of Spiritual Exercise'. Therefore, broadly speaking, the notion of `Spiritual Exercise' could explain all of our thoughts and acts from a philosophical point of view. By elaborating on the notion of `Spiritual Exercise' more enlightened discussions can ensue and we can seek more ideas on "Unity of theory and practice" from the viewpoint of Western philosophy.

&nbsp;&nbsp;In the present study, an attempt was made to clarify the whole structure and originality of Taiiku-gaku (Science of PE, Health and Sport Sciences), centering on the &lsquo;tree of sciences&rsquo; theory of Ren&eacute; Descartes (1596-1650). In the study of physical education philosophy, some attempts have been made to reveal the whole structure and originality of Taiiku-gaku. It seems more appropriate to discuss and address this issue by defining certain principles at the outset. For this purpose, it would informative to examine this issue from the philosophical perspective of Descartes' &lsquo;tree of sciences&rsquo; philosophy.<br> &nbsp;&nbsp;In the history of discussion to clarify the whole structure and originality of Taiiku-gaku among researchers, three essential characteristics become evident: (1) Science should be aimed at being practical and useful, (2) it should contribute to our well-being, and (3) it should aid the search for wisdom. Up to now, it appears that Taiiku-gaku as a science has advanced in line with these characteristics. However, Descartes revealed his vision of the purpose of science through the &ldquo;tree of sciences&rdquo; in his Principia Philosophiae (Principles of Philosophy). He analogized the whole structure of science (philosophy) to a tree with its roots, trunk, branches and fruit. The present paper therefore utilizes this concept of Descartes to answer the question. In conclusion, the whole structure of Taiiku-gaku could be understood as being analogous to a tree, and the originality of Taiiku-gaku does not depend on humans themselves or human movement as a fundamental research object. The originality of Taiiku-gaku can be analogized with the achievement of Generosity, which is the goal of the &ldquo;tree of sciences&rdquo;. Thus, on the basis of output diversity analogous to fruit taken from branches of the tree, the originality can be characterized as a science that tries to achieve the highest performance of human movement imaginable. More enlightened discussion can ensue by reconsidering the concept of taiiku (which is different from Physical Education) and the identity of Taiiku-gaku researchers.<br>

This article attempts to clarify the conceptual difference between" principles" and"philosophy" from the viewpoint of Descartes and history of the discipline of the"Principles of Physical Education." The conclusion of this paper will lead us to reconsider the mission of the discipline of "Physical Education Philosophy," according to its fundamental academic character. In the field of" Principles of Physical Education" in Japan, research has continued since the beginning of the twentieth century from the viewpoint of the philosophical method, whereas, in other countries, "Principles of Physical Education" consistently offers some practical knowledge, which is not necessarily philosophical. For a long time, most Japanese researchers have thought of the concepts of "principles" and "philosophy" as the same. However, using Descartes' Principles of Philosophy, this paper will show that the concepts of "principles" and "philosophy" are totally different. It will become necessary to articulate a clear difference between these things, and to offer some basic academic character to the discipline of "Physical Education Philosophy," which changed its name from "Principles of Physical Education" in 2005. According to Descartes, principles are what we would see as the beginning point of philosophy. Philosophy has its root in principles and principles is a part of philosophy, but not the same as philosophy. Philosophy, for Descartes, also has utility for our everyday affairs. He argued that wisdom should be produced from philosophy as practical knowledge. He also presented examples of this in his own writings, such as Dioptric, Meteorology, and Geometry. If we follow Descartes' view, the discipline of "Physical Education Philosophy" should change its academic character, because so far it has retained the academic character of the previous"Principles of Education." Researchers of "Physical Education Philosophy" should produce their own output, not only offering some fundamental knowledge for those who engage in physical education and sport, but also offering wisdom as a practical knowledge to practitioners in order to direct their basic thinking. This will lead to a more enlightened discussion. Spiritual Exercises, proposed by Pierre Hadot, presents a type of essence of wisdom as practical knowledge, which will lead us to reconsider the nature of wisdom in the context of physical education and sport.

平成24年4月30日授与 (甲第6280号)