白井 利明

This paper is to describe the heart of Japanese Association of Psychological Science as the followings: First, the research questions rise from the problems themselves, but not from the research methodology at first; Second, we perceive the person as a subject to construct his or her life, but not as a object that is just studied; Third, we see phenomena historically and critically. We specify these views to say that we understand a person as a subject with right: First, there is the relationships of equality, but not that of authoritarian and obligation; Second, assertion of right is owing to the duty to other people, but not only to his or her benefits; Third, it is fostered by the expectation-system among members who share goals.

This paper is to clarify how our lives arise through the following three studies. First, a female who is a graduate student to be trained in university to a teacher of physical education at a high school is interviewed on how she connects such life goal with the experiences of past life events as a gymnast. The results show that, unexpected events lead to her recall of her wish when she was a child and then she shares her wish with colleagues, which process makes her set the future goal. Second, a male who is age 50's and a teacher is interviewed on how he overcomes a life crisis. The results also show that unexpected events lead to the recall of his previous experiences as his tale. Third, a questionnaire is administered to 71 undergraduate students whose age range is from 10' to 60' to describe expected and unexpected events at the moment. The results show that unexpected and expected events lead to their constructing of the sense of continuity and acceptance of their life limits and irreversible time.

We had an interview with career counselors at the institute of career services in order to study the process of career independence among young part-time jobbers who want to get full-time jobs. As the results of interview, it suggested that young part-time jobbers tend to have lack of self-understanding, difficulty of self-disclosure, and/or lower level of self-esteem reflecting the immaturity of internal career. Based on the results, we constructed the process model of career independence for young part-time jobbers. It suggested that the intervention of career counselor approached to whether behavior or consciousness, finally certain changes took place in internal career, and these changes caused the action to get full-time jobs.

本研究の目的は,社会的信頼が青年期から成人期にかけての発達としての社会への移行を促すことができるかどうかを検討することである。社会的信頼とは社会が信頼に足るとする信念のことをいう。社会的信頼は,社会が人々の自由な結合からなりたつとするシティズンシップの観点から重要である。23歳から39歳の4年制大学または短期大学を卒業した大卒者8,336名(男性と女性と含む)に対してネット調査による質問紙調査を実施した。社会的信頼は1つの文章を完成させる文章完成方法で測定された。その結果は以下のとおりである。まず,第1に,社会的信頼は,社会に移行した結果として高められるだけでなく,社会への移行を促進する原因となる要因でもあることが明らかにされた。第2に,結婚していること,収入が多いこと,出身大学の難易度が高いこと,大学時代における社会関係資本が社会的信頼を高めていた。今後は社会的信頼が社会移行を促すメカニズムの解明が課題とされた。

I have advocated "Transformative and Consensual Validation" as a research method in adolescent psychology, to help understand the adolescent as an agent in their own development. This method is based on the following two requisites: First, research should focus on the process of participants' transformation, which occurs through the awareness of who they are. Second, the changes measured by a researcher should be confirmed by the participants themselves. The review of four empirical studies that used this method suggested that, only when participants shared the research frame, could they support the research results. The paper concludes that further studies, beyond the educational settings in which previous studies were done, are needed in order to generalize from the findings.

<p>The purpose of this study is to clarify the relationship between depression tolerance or social network and desistance from delinquency. Questionnaires assessing depression tolerance and social network were administered to 110 boys (age range: 14 to 19 years, mean: 16.6 years, SD: 1.48) in a juvenile classification home. Factor analysis revealed that the depression tolerance consisted of three factors; isolation tolerance, anxiety tolerance, and self-disclosure. When first timers were compared with repeaters, the former tended to demonstrate more positive self-disclosure and to feel more parental support. However, such a relationship was not observed in isolation tolerance and anxiety tolerance. These results indicate that the interaction between the self-disclosure shown by these boys and the support from their parents and others seem to facilitate desistance from delinquency. The process of this interaction needs to be further clarified in the future.</p>

社会への移行とは,単に職場組織に適応する過程ではなく,個人が自分の人生を構築し大人になる過程である。こうした視点から先行研究の文献レビューをした。その結果,第1に,若者の自己実現志向は職業探求に肯定的な意味をもちうるものであった。第2に,個人の傷つきやすさが労働市場や就業継続の困難として現れ,失業や不安定就労が心理状態を悪化させていた。第3に,上司と同世代のサポート・職場の自律性・職業的連続性・時間的展望(過去・現在・未来の統合)が必要であった。第4に,マクロにみると,継続教育や地域によるサポートが重要であった。第5に,社会的な不利のある若者への特別な支援が課題とされた。今後は学際的・理論的検討が求められるとした。

This study was to clarify how educational competition has effected on the development of temporal aspect of self in adolescence. Previous studies showed that young people decreased in their hope from primary school to high school. From the developmental viewpoint, it may be owing to development of realism in the settings of educational competition. At the same time, it might suggest that acceptance of anxiety and/or depression that they may face along with growing up in contemporary competitive society can bring them to get their hope, which may be possible if they can receive social support from adults surrounding them. Citizenship is emphasized to be necessary for young people to commit with society in transition to adulthood.

The objective of this study was to identify the processes and conditions of the career independence of "freeters," which is a process they use for selecting career paths to become financially independent of their parents and to realize personal and societal values. This paper is divided into four sections: First, we briefly review the discussion on freeters in Japan and point out their psychological problems. Second, we examine the relationship between the freeters' career patterns and the normal ones, which are considered desirable in traditional career development theories, and indicate the shortcomings of these theories. Then, we introduce a new theoretical framework called the career construction theory (Savickas, 2002) for explaining the career paths of freeters. Third, in discussing the career independence of freeters, we describe the importance of the idea of time perspectives, and clarify how to support freeters in their independence by considering their time perspectives. Fourth, we suggest practical possibilities for providing support to freeters. Finally, based on the above discussions, we speculate the issues that are important for examining the career independence of freeters and list the prospects for the new stream of adolescent psychology.

非行の原因に関する研究は多いが,立ち直りの研究は少ない。非行経験のある多数の少年は矯正機関とかかわることなしに立ち直っている。このことを考えると,社会内に立ち直りを促進する要因があると考えられる。本研究は,立ち直りには「援助者との出会い」が必要であり,出会いのためには少年の心理的な特性として「ひたむきに物事に取り組む力」と「抑うつに耐える力」の成熟が求められると考える。この仮説を実証するため,非行から立ち直った2名に対する面接調査を実施した。その結果,親との出会い直しが必要であるが,そのためには親以外の大人による援助が重要なきっかけとなっていることがわかった。また,「ひたむきに物事に取り組む力」と「抑うつに耐える力」は仮説を支持したが,どちらか一方でもよった。仮説は部分的に支持され,さらなる解明は今後の課題とされた。

This paper reviews the discussion on the "17-year-old problems" which went on in the Seinen Bukai (the research group for youth and adolescent problems) of Japanese Research Association of Psychological Science (JRAPS) to explore the future research tasks. At first, Adolescence in Japan was discussed from the viewpoint of history. The concept of adolescence has been established since the age of the Industrial Revolution. As adolescents were not thought grown-up or adult, they were alienated from society and driven to the peripheral area. They were likely to be eliminated from society as dangerous. Secondly, the problem was discussed from the viewpoint of student culture at junior high school. In 1996, both at school with serious problems and at those without problems, students supported those who had gone bad. In 2000, however, most students did not support those who had gone bad. Junior high school students tended to regard those who had gone bad as a different kind of students. Finally, the research group discussed mind change of juvenile delinquent girls living in reformatory. In this discussion, the loss of the basis for reliance, making negative self images and the difficulties in having sense of security in personal relationship were pointed out as unchanged aspects of juvenile delinquents. Contrarily, adhesion to their academic backgrounds, the lack of close friend, the lack of resistance to violence and the change in the relationship with their family were pointed out as their unchanged aspects. Based on the discussions above, a core problem of the recent youths and adolescents could be alienation. Especially, those who had gone bad were alienated and eliminated from society, school and family, and then driven to the peripheral area of their society. This alienation should be discussed further not only as youth and adolescent problem but that of those living in this modern society.

Part-time jobbers have recently increased especially among those who graduate from upper secondary schools owing to the reconstruction of their labor market in Japan. They are seen as having no purpose and low reality of their careers, as they often seem to say, "I do not know what kind of jobs are suitable to me. I wand to explore them and then I want to become a regular worker around them in 3 years", for example. This paper suggests that those who have lower resources tend to become part-time jobbers and therefore can do noting without emphasizing on their subjective aspect of career choice. They need to be constantly supported by adults and colleagues that they encounter in order to form their management of their own careers.

時間的展望は家族で共有したり, アイデンティティは家族成員間で相互に影響しあったりして発達するのではなかろうか。本研究は, 青年期後期の成員をもつ家族をとりあげ, 青年-父親-母親の三者間の関連を見た。その結果, 第1に, 親子ではほとんど関連が見られなかったが, 夫婦では関連が見られた。夫婦では時間的展望で肯定的であればあるほど配偶者もそうでありアイデンティティの達成は夫婦で関連していた。第2に, 青年女子は青年男子よりも親子の関連が見られたが, それほど顕著ではなかった。第3に, 妻が無職の場合に比べて有職の場合では, 夫婦間の関連も見られなかった。以上の結果から, 時間的展望やアイデンティティにおける関連は, 生活空間の共有によって影響を受けると考えられた。本研究は相関を見たものであるため, 今後は具体的なありようの検討も求められる。In order to clarify how late adolescents and their parents relate each other in terms of time perspective and identity. Findings showed that, first, adolescents and their parents related in only few aspects but fathers and mothers related each other in more aspects ; second, female adolescents did not necessarily relate with their parents more than male adolescents ; third, working fathers and not-working mothers related each other more working fathers and working mothers. Thus it is suggested that sharing their life space can promote the ralation of time perspective and identity.

大学から社会への移行時において時間的展望とアイデンティティはどのように規定しあい発達するのであろうか。それを検討するために, 卒業前後4年間にわたって縦断的調査の協力が得られた52人のデータを分析した。その結果, 大学3年のアイデンティティの達成が大学4年の希望を高め, 大学4年の時間的展望のすべての側面が卒業1年目のアイデンティティに影響を与え, 卒業1年目のアイデンティティの状態が2年目の充実感を左右するという関係が示された。具体的な過程の検討が今後の課題とされた。In order to clarlify how identity and time perspective can determine each other in transition from university to work, fifty two samples of the cohorts entered into university at 1990, 1991 and 1992 were followed up over 4 years from the third grade to second year after graduation. Findings showed that, firstly, the identity status at the third grade has determined the hope at the fourth grade; secondly, the every aspects of time attitude at the fourth grade has determined the identity status at the first year after graduation; thirdly, the identity status at the first year after graduation has determined the fullness at the second year after graduation. These suggest that identity and time perspective may determine each other one after the other.