Taketoshi Uzawa

type:Article 大阪教育大学・教職実践演習ミニ講座「理科の実験・観察における安全」における,コロナ禍対応のために考案・実践された理科実験安全教育上の工夫について報告する。このミニ講座は,理科の実験・観察を安全に行うために必要な知識と,それを支える理論的根拠や経験知を伝えるための授業(全5回)で構成されている。2020年度,新型コロナウィルス感染症対策のため,本稿で報告する授業はオンデマンド形式で実施された。本稿では,対面授業におけるディスカッション等に対する代替手段として,受講前後に作製された理科実験安全に関するコンセプトマップを比較することにより受講者の実験安全意識の変化を追跡する手法を提案する。 This paper reports an ingenuity in safety management capability in science experiments under COVID-19. In the present study, a change of safety consciousness in science experiments is clarified through a comparison between two concept maps constructed before and after a practice to find indications of danger in a science laboratory that appear in a video in which an experiment on neutralization of acids and bases is conducted in a first grade high school chemistry class. The practice is assigned to prospective teachers (fourth grade students in Osaka Kyoiku University) in a class of a course held in 2020 to learn how to safely conduct scientific experiments and observations. Comparing the two concept maps of each participant gives a helpful alternative to directly checking comprehension levels of the participants.

type:Article 大阪教育大学・教職実践演習ミニ講座「理科の実験・観察における安全」(2019年度)の受講者の「理科実験における危険予測力」のルーブリック評価について報告する。このミニ講座は,理科の実験・観察を安全に行うために必要な知識と,それを支える理論的根拠や経験知を学ぶための授業(全5回)で構成されている。本稿で報告する授業実践では,酸・塩基の中和実験(高校化学基礎)を撮影・編集した動画の中に現れる危険な行為や兆候を受講者に発見させる。そして,そのような危険な行為・兆候を受講者がどの程度発見できたかを,ルーブリック評価表を用いて数値化することにより,各受講者の理科実験における危険予測力を定量評価する。 This paper reports an evaluation of safety management capability in science experiments. In the present study, safety management capability in science experiments is evaluated through a rubric score of a practice to find indications of danger in a science laboratory that appear in a video in which an experiment on neutralization of acids and bases is conducted in a first grade high school chemistry class. The practice is assigned to prospective teachers (fourth grade students in Osaka Kyoiku University) in a class of a course held in 2019 to learn how to safely conduct scientific experiments and observations. A rubric score of the practice can be a measure of safety management capability in science experiments.

In 2008 edition of the government curriculum guide for science class in junior high school, the study unit “Science, Technology and Humans” newly included the properties and use of ionizing radiation. Until 2008, former edition of the guide had not included these items, and new teaching programs for ionizing radiation had been needed. Then several teaching programs were developed for this purpose. One of them was a model experiment to observe the sterilization effect of ionizing radiation using ampicillin resistant Escherichia coli, ampicillin containing agar plates and ultraviolet light instead of ionizing radiation. The combination of ampicillin resistant E. coli and ampicillin containing plates were used to reduce the risk from contamination of airborne bacteria. The bacterial strain used was E. coli DH5alpha/pUC19 which was genetically modified organism (GMO). GMO is regulated by the Cartagena Act, which seemed to restrict the number of schools could perform the teaching program. To remove the restriction, we measured actual risk from contamination and found the risk was not high. Then E. coli was plated without addition of ampicillin under non-sterile condition and the percentage of the bacterial contamination was also found to be low. Finally viability of E. coli was measured after ultraviolet light irradiation without aseptic manipulation and the viability was not affected by the contamination.

type:Article 大阪教育大学・教職実践演習ミニ講座「理科の実験・観察における安全」(2018年度)より,ICT教材を活用した授業実践について報告する。この講座では,理科の実験・観察を安全に行うために必要な知識を習得し,それを支える理論的根拠や経験知についてもディスカッションを通して深く理解することを目的としている。本稿にて報告する授業実践では,酸・塩基の中和実験(高校化学基礎)を撮影・編集した動画をICT教材として用い,実験時に事故を誘発し得る危険な兆候を察知する練習を行った。そして,そのような危険な兆候として,実験中の生徒の立ち位置・姿勢が悪いこと,実験卓上の整理整頓の不徹底等を見出した。 A course to learn how to safely conduct scientific experiments and observations is offered for prospective teachers (fourth grade students in Osaka Kyoiku University). This paper reports a practice in a class consisting of the course held in 2018. A video material is edited as an ICT teaching material, in which an experiment on neutralization of acids and bases is conducted in a first grade high school chemistry class. The practice in this report is aided by the ICT teaching material. The prospective teachers in the class are trained to find indications of danger in the laboratory through the video material.

Carnivorous plants exploit animals as a nutritional source and have inspired long-standing questions about the origin and evolution of carnivory-related traits. To investigate the molecular bases of carnivory, we sequenced the genome of the heterophyllous pitcher plant Cephalotus follicularis, in which we succeeded in regulating the developmental switch between carnivorous and non-carnivorous leaves. Transcriptome comparison of the two leaf types and gene repertoire analysis identified genetic changes associated with prey attraction, capture, digestion and nutrient absorption. Analysis of digestive fluid proteins from C. follicularis and three other carnivorous plants with independent carnivorous origins revealed repeated co-options of stress-responsive protein lineages coupled with convergent amino acid substitutions to acquire digestive physiology. These results imply constraints on the available routes to evolve plant carnivory.

DNA detection methods by staining agarose gels after electrophoresis were evaluated to find safer ones suitable for experiment on environmental education. Detection method using dye and visible rays is thought to be safer than the method using ethidium bromide and ultraviolet rays. Three methods using dye and visible rays: staining by（a）ViewaBlue^Ⓡ Stain,（ b）stains-all, or（ c）indoine blue and methyl orange, were compared with detection method using ethidium bromide. These detection methods were less sensitive than that using ethidium bromide. In the methods using dye and visible rays, stains-all method was the most sensitive.Moreover, costs of each methods were estimated for educational use.

The taxonomic position of a thermoacidophilic crenarchaeote Sulfolobus sp. strain 7, previously isolated from the Beppu Hot Springs in the geothermal area of Kyushu Island, Japan, was investigated by cloning and sequencing, by phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence, by DNA-DNA homology with similar species, and by biochemical characterization of the isolate. This isolate is an obligate aerobe and grows optimally at 80°C and pH 2.5-3 under aerobic and chemoheterotrophic growth conditions by aerobic respiration rather than simple fermentation. In conjunction with the phenotypic properties, the present phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence and DNA-DNA hybridization experiments indicate that this isolate is related to the described Sulfolobus taxon and should be considered a novel species of the genus. We propose that this isolate is a novel species of the genus Sulfolobus that we name Sulfolobus tokodaii sp. nov. The type strain is strain 7 (JCM 10545). © Springer-Verlag 2001.

The effects of novel polyamines on aminoacyl-tRNA formation catalyzed by Escherichia coli, Sulfolobus acidocaldarius, and Thermus thermophilus HB8 S-100 extracts were investigated. These effects were diverse and differed depending on the amino acid and the enzyme used. A quaternary polyamine, tetrakis(3-aminopropyl)ammonium, inhibited phenylalanyl-tRNA synthesis catalyzed by the T. thermophilus extract, but not inhibit the other aminoacyl-tRNA formations tested. The inhibition was observed in hybrid reactions where the thermophile tRNA or extract was replaced by its E. coli counterpart, although the quaternary amine did not inhibit Phe-tRNA formation by the E. coli homologous system. Spermine relieved the inhibition of the reaction of thermophile enzyme and tRNA, but not the inhibition of the hybrid reactions. These results suggest that the branched polyamine interacts with both the thermophile enzyme and tRNA(Phe).

A continuous cell-free protein synthesis system of an extremely thermophilic eubacterium, Thermus thermophilus HB27, was constructed. This system produced MS2 phage RNA translation products at a rate of more than 5 mu g per hour per 1.9 mg of ribosomes at 65 degrees C and the production continued linearly for at least 340 min. When no polyamine was added, the system did not produce the proteins. The highest activity was recorded when O.1 mM tetrakis(3-aminopropyl)ammonium and 1.0 mM spermine were added simultaneously.

Effects of novel, naturally occurring polyamines on protein synthesis catalyzed by Thermus thermophilus cell-free extract were investigated. The results revealed the physiological importance of a branched quaternary polyamine, tetrakis(3-aminopropyl) ammonium, in thermophile protein biosynthesis. Longer polyamines than triamine supported the polypeptide synthesis at high temperature, though both the activity and the optimum temperature varied depending on polyamines added. The highest activity was found when tetrakis(3-aminopropyl)ammonium and a tetraamine were simultaneously present. The optimum temperature of the reaction supported by the combination of the branched polyamine and spermine was the highest and in accord with the optimum temperature of the bacterial growth. These results suggested an essential role of the quaternary amine in protein synthesis in vivo. This amine effectively stabilized the ternary complex between ribosomes, the messenger, and phenylalanyl-tRNA, and this stabilization may account, at least in part, for its action on the present reaction. In contrast, another branched polyamine, tris(3-aminopropyl)amine supported the activity only moderately even in the presence of another polyamine, though the tris amine stabilized the ternary complex as effectively as the quaternary amine. This result suggests the presence of another essential site for polyamine action in the thermophile polypeptide synthesis, in addition to the stabilization of the ternary complex. The effects of polyamines on MS2 RNA directed reaction resembled those on poly(U) directed polypeptide synthesis, indicating that polyamines are essential in protein biosynthesis directed by natural messengers in vivo. The quaternary amine inhibited the aminoacylation of tRNA(Phe), and the inhibition was canceled by the addition of another polyamine. When phenylalanyl-tRNA instead of free phenylalanine was added to the reaction mixture in order to investigate the effect of polyamines on polypeptide formation, single addition of tetrakis(3-aminopropyl)ammonium was enough for the highest activity, and the synergistic effect disappeared. The results indicate that the role of spermine in the synergism is to relieve the inhibition of aminoacylation caused by the quaternary amine.