深澤 優子

type:Article 本研究は,「GIGAスクール構想」の実現のために「ソフト」面に焦点をあて,デジタル教科書ならではの学びの充実をはかり,将来の学習者用デジタル教科書の有効な利活用も視野に入れつつ,現在配布されている指導者用デジタル教科書を用いた数学と理科の大学及び附属校の授業での利活用を含めたICTを効果的に活用する学習活動や教材化のための素案及び指導者用デジタル教科書を用いた授業実践の分析・考察を行うことを目的とする。 The purposes of this study are the following two points: (1) To focus on the soft wear aspects in order to realize the GIGA school concept and to enhance the learning that only digital textbooks can provide. (2) To analyze and discuss learning activities and teaching materials that effectively utilize ICT, including the use of digital textbooks for teachers in mathematics and science classes at universities and attached schools, as well as classroom practices using digital textbooks for teachers.

To observe specular oscillations in ion-surface scattering originating from layer-by-layer desorption of an electron stimulated desorbed (ESD) surface, a 15 keV proton beam was impinged on the surface with an angle of incidence less than 1°. We prepared an experimental system to examine the scattering yields of reflecting protons by conveniently employing a fluorescent screen to view scattering yields (scattering patterns) and a commercial digital camera for yield measurements. Because the present energy of the proton beam was too low to illuminate the screen, a micro-channel plate was inserted in front of the screen. Measurements with electron irradiation show obvious damping specular oscillations the widths of angular distributions of scattered protons simultaneously oscillated with increasing electron fluence. From the measured periods of the oscillations, the ESD rates of thermal desorption from KBr(001) at 1.5 keV electrons irradiation were obtained for sample temperatures.

The surface morphology of KBr (001) irradiated by electrons is observed by first decorating the surface with Au particles and then replicating it with C foils. For the electron irradiation and the subsequent decoration, we integrated an electron-beam gun and a vacuum evaporator. The sample surface was irradiated by a 1.5 keV electron beam small Au particles were then evaporated onto the surface. Although the decorated sample was prepared in an ultra-high vacuum condition, the C foil was evaporated in a separate high-vacuum evaporator. To avoid deliquescence of the sample surface, contact between the sample and the ambient air was minimized by transporting the sample between the two vacuum chambers in a N2-gas-filled enclosure. Imaging the surface with a transmission electron microscope revealed many rectangular monolayer pits. The mean area of the pits and the associated standard deviation are presented versus temperature the mean pit area increases with temperature.

<p>斜入射高速陽子を用いて電子刺激脱離したアルカリハライド結晶表面の形状変化を調べている。電子線照射により刺激脱離したアルカリハライド表面は照射量に応じて1原子層ずつ剥離するように脱離する。また,電子刺激脱離した結晶表面で散乱した陽子の散乱強度も電子線照射量の増加とともに振動するため,この振動周期から表面原子の層状剥離の周期を見積ることで，表面形状と粗さの変化が予想できる。今回,keV陽子を用いた実験を開始したため,これを報告する。</p>

<p>やむことのない改革が求められている昨今の大学教育の中にあっても，我々教員免許の取得を卒業要件としている課程（教員養成課程）では，教員免許法に縛られた必修科目が存在し，この枠組みを破ったカリキュラム改正はできない。これを現在の社会や学生が求めるあり方に変えるには，その実施方法（授業方法）に改革を加えるしかない。我々は，ここ2年間に，卒業研究，物理学実験，物理学Ⅰ・Ⅱという本学での必修授業の実施方法を大きく変えてきた。今回は，前回（卒業研究）にひき続き，講義科目と学生実験の改革の実践について紹介する。講義では，アクティブラーニングを目指して，グループワークなどを取り入れている。次回以降，このグループワークの中味などの紹介を行いたい。残念ながらエビデンスを基にこの改革が有効であったかどうかの議論はできないが，ここで紹介を行うことで，この実施方法に対する有意義な議論をしていただければ幸いに思い，申し込むことにしている。</p>

We introduce our handmade image intensifer for visualizing the beam profiles of accelerated ion beams having energy and current in the order of keV and nano-amperes, respectively. The simple image intensifer comprising stainless steel meshes and a fluorescent screen has been designed for the transport of mm-size ion beams. The intensifer is easy to install in the beamline of a vacuum setup, because it is designed to attach on a conflat flange of ICF70. We have used the image intensifer to observe the beam profiles of the ion beams transported from the ion source to an ultra-high vacuum chamber. Through the use of the image intensifer, bright images were obtained, and it was concluded that the intensifer is useful for observing the profiles of the beams having current densities greater than 0.1 nA mm-2.

高校生や大学生に対して,身近な電気製品に使われている科学技術に対する興味を喚起するためにLEDを用いた光通信に関する教材を作製した。一つはLED光線電話であり,もう一つはLEDによる音声・映像通信機である。前者は古くから知られたものであるが,後者は新たに考案したものである。LEDからの光をDVDプレイヤーからの音声信号と映像信号で変調させ,この光を受光側に置いたLEDで受け取り,増幅し,テレビで再生するものである。2本のアクリル棒を光ファイバーケーブルとして用い,その中で光を送信する。教材としての改良を繰り返しながら,子ども・保護者・高校生・大学生.教員らに対し複数回の教育実践の機会を設けた。その結果,これらの教材は従来もっている通信の概念とは異なって目新しく映り,見る者の驚きとともに興味や関心を引き付けることが分かった。

Growth forms of Au particles prepared by vacuum evaporation methods on KBr(001) and KCl(001) substrates with two types of surface steps prepared by thermal sublimation and by electron stimulated desorption are studied by using a carbon backing method with a transmission electron microscope. Spiral steps of monoatomic height have been prepared on the substrate surfaces by heat sublimation. Epitaxial Au particles with pyramidal shapes and other multiply twined particles are grown by the vacuum evaporation on the substrates at temperatures of 50-450°C. The size distributions of the particles on the substrates are reported and the typical size is measured to be smaller than 20×20 nm2. The ratio of populations of the multiply twined particles along the KBr steps is increased compared with that on the flat area. However, this increase in the ratio is not observed for particles grown on KCl. Additionally, step assemblies are prepared by electron stimulated desorption (ESD). The dependence of the size distributions of the Au particles grown on the substrates on electron Influence is measured for the ESD surfaces. With increasing electron Influence, the peak particle distribution size becomes smaller and particles smaller than 1 nm are observed.

生活に密着し,比較的簡単に作れる教材をめざして,スマートハウスの模型を製作した。加えて,模型全体を説明するためのポスターやいくつかの項目に分けたワークシートを作成し,理科実験イベントで,子どもや保護者等を対象にし,未来の省エネルギー社会の電気エネルギーの利用方法の教育実践を行った。その結果,本教材またはその一部は,エネルギー教育に有効な新しい教材として,大学や学校教員の理科部会等で製作し,科学イベント等に使用することが可能であるという期待が持てた。

Trajectories of fast (0.55 MeV) protons impinging under planar surface channeling conditions with an angle of incidence of several mrad are calculated on KBr(001) surfaces decorated by electron stimulated desorption (ESD). Two-dimensional angular distributions of protons scattered on the surface are obtained. In order to calculate trajectories, a computational technique is needed to form a set of morphologies of the surfaces according to the electron ‰uence. In our method, an assumption is made that the topmost atoms on the low coordinate sites are easily emitted by the ESD processes5). By choosing parameters introduced in the method, the oscillatory behavior of the desorption yields demonstrated by other groups is reproduced2). The resulting peak intensity of the re‰ected protons from the trajectory on the ensemble of surfaces with varying electron ‰uence oscillates as the electron ‰uence increases. Corresponding angular distributions of re‰ected protons have been measured on the electron irradiated KBr(001) surfaces, and a similar oscillation can be seen on the scattered yields with weak amplitudes.

Surface-channeling at grazing incidence of 550 keV protons on electron-bombarded KCl(001) and KBr(001) surfaces is investigated. In order to derive step density of the surfaces as a proportional function of electron-fluence lying in a range below 3×10 15 cm -2, intensity distributions (scattering patterns) of reflected protons on a fluorescent screen are observed. With increasing the fluence, the scattering patterns shift to lower scattering angle. The peak-angles of the luminous intensity are compared with calculated results of computer simulations. For both KCl and KBr surfaces, the electron fluence of 1.0×10 15 cm -2 is equivalent to the density of monolayer steps of 1.3×10 5 cm -1 piled upon in the simulation. Copyright © 2002 - 2012 Hogrefe Publishing.

Surface-channeling of protons incident with 5 mrad on an electron-irradiated surface is investigated using a 0.55 MeV beam of protons. The target surface is KCl(0 0 1), which is damaged by electron-stimulated desorption with 5 keV electron irradiation. The direction of the incident beam is adjusted along the &lt; 1 0 0 &gt; and &lt; 1 1 0 &gt; channeling conditions and the channeling-dips of the scattering yields are observed. The irradiation dose-dependence of the minimum yields and widths of the dips is measured. Two dips are compared, i.e., for the &lt; 1 0 0 &gt; and &lt; 1 1 0 &gt; channelings. By increasing the irradiation dose up to 2 x 10(16) cm (2), the dip around the &lt; 1 0 0 &gt; axis becomes opened, but that of the &lt; 1 1 0 &gt; axis becomes shallow. The irradiated surfaces are observed to have many overlapped terraces of sub-micron with monolayer steps. The surface morphology deformed by the irradiation effects to truncate trajectories of the &lt; 1 0 0 &gt; channeling protons. This roughness of the surface is more effective for the trajectories of the &lt; 1 1 0 &gt; channeling protons. The protons incident on the rough surface along the &lt; 1 1 0 &gt; axis are not reflected from the atomic row but reflected by a potential of the surface with steps. Results by a simple computer simulation of the trajectories of protons at stepped surfaces also indicate the scattering processes. (C) 2009 Elsevier B. V. All rights reserved.

Surfaces of KCl crystals irradiated uniformly by scanning of 5 keV beam of electrons collimated with one direction are observed by an atomic force microscope (AFM). The irradiation doses are in the range up to 10¹⁶ cm^-2. The surfaces remain many overlapped terraces of sub-micron with random orientations. They are hard to be associated with the square pits observed in well known layer by layer desorption measurements in the dose range of 10¹⁴ cm^-2. The desorption process is simulated by a model based on the assumption that the low-coordinated sites act as the precursors for desorption. We have introduced parameters into this model to reproduce the oscillating structure of the particle-yields of the layer by layer desorption. The resulting final morphology in the dose range of 10¹⁶ cm^-2 shows that many overlapped terraces are created with random orientations, whose terrace-lengths are small compared with that observed. The morphologies show that the process assumed to reproduce the layer by layer desorption can lead the multi-layer steps on the surface.<br>

The surfaces of KCl crystals were sputtered by irradiation with 5 keV electrons (500 mu A/m(2)), in order to create a high density of surface steps. Energy loss distributions of 550 keV protons at glancing angle incidence scattered from the (001) surface were then measured for random (100 mrad off &lt; 100 &gt; direction) and surface-channeling (&lt; 100 &gt; direction) conditions. The surfaces were examined using atomic force microscope (AFM) in air. The measured energy spectra of protons were compared with those calculated by computer simulation. For random incidence, the fraction of the projectiles which penetrate through the surface increases with increasing dose of electron-irradiation. These protons pass through the steps both at the entrance and the exit. For the case of channeling incidence, this fraction decreases with increasing electron-irradiation dose in the dose range from 10(19) m(-2) to 10(20) m(-2), because the projectiles do not necessarily pass through the surface steps. AFM observations show that there are many steps of several to several tens of monolayers&apos; height on the surface for samples irradiated with doses of more than 1 x 10(20) m(-2). (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

真空計の一つであるガイスラー管から発せられるX線を用いて,第1世代X線CT(Computed Tomography)をモデル化した教材を製作した。X線をスリットでコリメートし,GM管(Geiger-Muller Tube)で検出する装置を組立,スリットとGM管の間に回転・左右・上下移動が可能な試料台を置いたものである。試料台の上に複数の高さが違う試料棒を配直し,試料台の回転角や移動距離に対してX線の透過・吸収を測定した。これを中・高等学校の理科の教員向けに開いているサイエンスパートナーシップ事業や教員養成系の物理学実験で使用している。手作りの教材が,モデルでありながら,現代物理学の有用性を実感できる教材になった。

我々の研究室で作った体験・対話型の移動科学館は学内を中心に地元でも知名度を上げている。この移動科学館による科学館学習に期待できるものについて考察した。参加した児童生徒に対しては理科学習に興味・関心を高める効果が期待できる。また参加した教員や保護者が児童生徒の理科学習に積極的に対応するようになることにも期待できる。こういった小学校教員や保護者を介して大学から社会への情報発信や社会における科学の伝承にも効果的である。さらに教員養成に対する効果も期待されていることが分かった。

これまでに製作してきた十数個の物理教材を同時に展示し，小さな科学館を作った。科学館は本学の大学祭（五月祭・神霜祭）で企画し，ここで行ったアンケートから，教材の評価をし，それぞれの教材について最も有効な活用方法について考察をした。

研究室で作製した力学教材と熱力学教材を大阪教育大学・理科専攻の学生を対象とした物理学実験で活用した。力学教材はパチンコ玉の滑走台による力学的エネルギーの保存に関する実験器であり,熱力学教材は水柱やコンピュータセンサーを活用したボイル-シャルルの法則の実験器である。これらの教材は,幅の広い実験を行うことが可能であるという特質を持つ。活用した結果,物理を元々好きだった学生には,科学的探究心を育てるために意義ある教材である。しかし,物理への興味や関心の薄い学生に対しては,用い方に工夫しない限り,興味をわかせるような教材になっていないことが分かった。これを受けて用い方の工夫に対する考察を行った。